What is ADHD?

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how the brain manages attention, impulse control, and activity level. But for parents, ADHD rarely begins with a definition. It begins with moments like this:

“He knows what he’s supposed to do… but every morning something goes wrong. Shoes in the fridge, homework in the car, tears at the door.”

Or this:

“She’s bright and creative, but homework takes three hours and ends in everyone crying.”

This is what ADHD looks like in real life. In practice, ADHD can look like a child who:

  • has trouble focusing even on things they care about,
  • makes careless mistakes in school papers,
  • becomes easily distracted by the smallest noise or thought,
  • struggles with trouble waiting their turn,
  • and finds it hard to do leisure activities quietly.

ADHD is recognised as a mental health condition and referenced in clinical frameworks such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association, and the UK clinical systems used by NICE and the NHS.

ADHD isn’t “bad behaviour”

Parents often hear:

“They just need more discipline.” “They’re not trying hard enough.”

But ADHD is not a character flaw. It’s linked to differences in brain development and self-regulation systems. Your child doesn’t need more pressure — they need different tools. Think of ADHD like this: it’s not a broken engine, it’s a powerful engine with very sensitive brakes.

Last updated: January 2026

Quick screening

Ready to take a test?

If you’re unsure whether ADHD may be part of what your family is dealing with, a short screening can help organise your observations before speaking with your GP or school.

1) UK data snapshot (with derived, parent-friendly insights)

Here’s what many parents don’t realise: ADHD is far more common than it feels when you’re struggling alone. In England:

  • ~2.5 million people are estimated to have ADHD
  • ~741,000 are children and young people aged 5–24
  • ~549,000 people may currently be waiting for an assessment
  • About ~5% of children and ~3–4% of adults are affected

When you look at these numbers another way, something important appears: if only about one-third of people with ADHD have a formal diagnosis, that means roughly:

  • ~1.7 million people in England may be living with ADHD without knowing it.

That explains why so many parents feel stuck, unheard, and exhausted. It isn’t you. The system is simply overwhelmed.

2) ADHD symptoms: what to look for (home + school)

ADHD is not one behaviour. It’s a pattern — and that pattern affects daily life.

A) Inattentive symptoms (attention problems)

Parents often describe it like this:

“He wants to do well… but five minutes into homework, he’s staring at the wall.”

Common signs:

  • difficulty paying attention
  • trouble staying focused on homework or chores
  • being easily distracted
  • careless mistakes in school papers
  • losing belongings (coat, bottle, homework, shoes)
  • forgetting routines and deadlines
  • difficulty organising tasks and time
  • avoiding certain tasks that require mental effort

These children are often labelled “lazy” or “unmotivated”. In reality, their brain is working extremely hard just to stay on task.

B) Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms (movement + impulse control)

Another parent might say:

“Even when he’s tired, his body just won’t switch off.”

Common signs:

  • constant fidgeting, climbing, moving
  • extreme restlessness or feeling restless
  • talking constantly, interrupting, blurting answers
  • difficulty waiting / trouble waiting
  • acting before thinking
  • unable to do leisure activities quietly
  • appearing “driven by a motor”

Many kids are energetic. ADHD is suspected when these behaviours are persistent, intense, and disrupt family or school life.

3) ADHD presentations: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined

Although ADHD is one neurodevelopmental disorder, it does not look the same in every child or adult. The way ADHD presents depends on which ADHD symptoms are most visible in a person’s daily life, as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association.

Predominantly inattentive presentation

This type is defined by inattentive symptoms such as:

  • difficulty paying attention, trouble paying attention
  • difficulty focusing, trouble focusing, trouble staying focused
  • being easily distracted
  • careless mistakes in school papers

It is often missed in younger children, many children with ADHD, and adults ADHD, which can lead to delayed ADHD diagnosis and poor self esteem.

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation

This form is driven by hyperactivity impulsivity and hyperactive impulsive symptoms, including:

  • extreme restlessness and feeling restless
  • impulsive behaviors
  • trouble waiting and difficulty waiting
  • difficulty doing leisure activities quietly

These symptoms are more visible and usually easier to identify.

Combined presentation

The combined presentation includes both inattentive symptoms and hyperactivity impulsivity.

This is the most common form of deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD and is more likely to involve severe symptoms that strongly symptoms affect school, relationships and mental health.

4) Causes and risk factors: genetic and environmental factors

ADHD involves both genetic factors and environmental factors. It is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, shaped by a combination of biology and life experience — not by one single cause.

Many parents discover their own childhood patterns during their child’s assessment: difficulty focusing, impulsive decisions, chronic disorganisation. That moment is often powerful:

“When my son was being evaluated, I suddenly recognised myself — the forgotten homework, the constant daydreaming, the chaos in my school bag. It explained my whole childhood.”

This is very common. ADHD often runs in families.

Environmental and non genetic factors may increase risk factors, including:

  • premature birth
  • low birth weight
  • prenatal exposures
  • early stress or adversity
  • other environmental risks

These influences may affect early brain development, shaping how attention and self-regulation systems mature.

And this matters for parents to hear clearly: ADHD is not caused by parenting. Families do not create ADHD — they learn how to manage ADHD once they understand it.

5) Brain development in ADHD vs typical brain

Some research shows a delayed pattern of cortical maturation in areas linked to attention and impulse control.

infographic adhd

Parent takeaway: this is why “just try harder” doesn’t work. Skills like waiting, planning and focusing often need support structures while the brain develops.

6) How to diagnose ADHD in the UK

There is no blood test or brain scan that can diagnose ADHD. Diagnosis uses a detailed medical evaluation. Clinicians look at:

  • symptoms over time
  • home and school functioning
  • medical history
  • family history
  • symptoms in two or more settings

Diagnosis requires:

  • enough symptoms
  • symptoms are persistent
  • symptoms begin in childhood
  • clear impact on daily life

Rule-outs and overlap

  • learning disorders
  • anxiety or mood disorder
  • sleep problems
  • autism spectrum traits
  • oppositional defiant disorder
  • conduct disorder

7) ADHD treatment: what actually helps

When parents ask “What actually works?”, they are rarely looking for theory. They want to know:

“What will make tomorrow easier?”

The most effective ADHD treatment is multi-layered — not because it’s complicated, but because ADHD affects thinking, emotions, behaviour and environment at the same time. Think of treatment like building a scaffold around your child. You don’t fix the child. You build supports around the child so they can function.

Behavioural interventions

This is the foundation.

Parent training

Parent training is not about “fixing” parents.

It’s about learning how to speak your child’s brain’s language.

A parent once described it like this:

“Before, every evening felt like a war. After we changed our approach, the behaviour didn’t magically disappear… but the house finally became calm.”

In practice, parent training teaches you how to:

  • create predictable routines
  • give instructions your child can actually process
  • reduce emotional explosions before they start
  • replace shouting with clear systems

Example from daily life:

Instead of “Get ready for bed.” you learn to say: “Pyjamas. Teeth. Story. Then sleep.” (one task at a time, always in the same order)

That small change alone can reduce nightly meltdowns dramatically.

Classroom adjustments

Many ADHD struggles happen at school — not because children can’t learn,

but because the environment isn’t built for their brain.

Helpful classroom supports often include:

  • sitting near the teacher
  • breaking work into small chunks
  • movement breaks
  • visual schedules
  • extra time for tasks and tests

One teacher shared:

“When we stopped punishing his movement and started planning for it, his learning finally took off.”

Organisational supports

These are the invisible heroes of ADHD treatment. They look simple — but they change everything:

  • visual timetables
  • colour-coded folders
  • checklists taped inside pencil cases
  • timers for homework sessions

For many children, these tools are the difference between:

“I can’t do this” and “I know what comes next.”

Behaviour therapy

Behaviour therapy helps children and parents build emotional skills.

It teaches children how to:

  • notice feelings before they explode
  • slow down impulsive reactions
  • repair mistakes instead of drowning in shame

And it teaches parents how to:

  • guide behaviour without power struggles
  • reduce conflict
  • rebuild connection after difficult moments

Over time, families often say:

“We stopped fighting each other… and started working together.”

Medication

For some children and adults life, medication becomes an important part of treatment.

Parents often describe the effect like this:

“It didn’t change who my child is. It just made the noise in his head quieter — so he could finally hear himself think.”

Medication is not a magic cure,

but for many children it unlocks the door so all the other strategies can finally work.

Medication choices (stimulant or non stimulant medications) are always made with a specialist healthcare professional, and adjusted carefully over time.

Healthy behaviours

These don’t replace treatment — but they multiply its impact.

In real families, the biggest improvements often come from:

  • sleep routines (same bedtime, same rhythm, every night)
  • daily physical movement
  • predictable mornings and evenings
  • homework in short focused blocks, not long battles
  • quiet, simple study spaces

Parents often notice:

“Once sleep improved, everything else became easier.”

Because ADHD is not just about attention — it’s about the entire nervous system.

8) What to do this week: parent strategies that reduce stress fast

If your child has difficulty paying attention or difficulty waiting, try these:

  • One routine first (morning or bedtime). Keep it simple and visual.
  • One instruction at a time, then ask them to repeat it back.
  • Start together for 2 minutes to overcome avoidance (the hardest part is often starting).
  • Build “waiting skills”: hands together, deep breath, count to 10, ask once.
  • For school papers: a checklist (Name + Date + Read question + Answer + Check) and a quick final scan for careless mistakes.

These reduce arguments and protect poor self esteem by replacing blame with structure.

9) ADHD support groups and UK resources

Parents often cope better with community support, especially during waiting periods. Consider local and online ADHD support groups, school SEN support conversations, your GP for referral pathways and documentation, and reputable charities or national organisations.

If symptoms are intense or worsening, seek professional help sooner rather than later—especially if there are safety concerns or severe emotional distress.

10) FAQs

What age do symptoms begin?

ADHD symptoms begin in childhood. Many parents notice signs in early primary years, but inattentive symptoms can be recognised later when school demands rise.

Can ADHD be “just a phase”?

Children can be energetic or distractible at times. ADHD is diagnosed when symptoms are persistent, across settings, and clearly impair daily functioning.

Does ADHD always mean hyperactivity?

No. Some children have mainly inattentive symptoms and can look quiet, dreamy, or disorganised.

Is ADHD linked to substance abuse later?

Untreated ADHD is associated with increased risks in adolescence, including risky behaviours. Early support and appropriate treatment can reduce those risks.

Medical accuracy note

This article is for education only and does not replace advice from a healthcare professional.